Chagas disease, a potentially deadly illness caused by the parasite *Trypanosoma cruzi*, is now considered endemic to the United States. Transmitted through the feces of triatomine bugs, also known as 'kissing bugs,' this disease poses a significant public health concern. While first detected in Texas in 1955, its prevalence has quietly expanded, affecting an estimated 300,000 Americans across eight states. The true number is likely much higher, as up to 80 percent of infected individuals remain asymptomatic.
The 'silent killer' moniker is apt, as Chagas disease can lie dormant for decades, causing long-term health issues before detection. In those who do experience symptoms, these can range from mild (fever, fatigue, body aches, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting) to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions. A characteristic sign is Romaña's sign – unilateral eyelid swelling and redness – resulting from parasite entry near the bite wound. This swelling usually occurs on the side of the face where the kissing bug bit.
The acute phase occurs within weeks or months of infection, followed by a chronic phase that can last a lifetime. Chronic Chagas disease can lead to severe complications, including heart damage (enlarged heart, heart failure, irregular heart rhythm), stroke, and digestive issues such as esophageal or colonic enlargement due to nerve damage. This damage results from inflammation induced by the parasite.
Kissing bugs, typically 0.5 to 1.25 inches long, are nocturnal blood feeders, hiding in dark areas during the day. Infection occurs when contaminated feces are rubbed into the bite wound or ingested. Although the disease is currently concentrated in eight states, the presence of kissing bugs has been confirmed in 32. Climate change, deforestation, and human migration are believed to have contributed to the spread of Chagas disease beyond its original tropical confines in Latin America.
Early detection is crucial. While there's no vaccine, the antiparasitic drugs benznidazole and nifurtimox are FDA-approved for treatment, particularly effective in the early stages. California, Texas, and Florida have reported the highest number of chronic Chagas disease cases, partly attributed to their large Latin American immigrant populations. Increased awareness and early diagnosis are essential in combating this growing health threat.
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Originally published at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-15104069/deadly-chagas-disease-stay-spot-early-symptoms.html
